School Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Students in Australia. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959111526&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0004109&partnerID=40&md5=f3361a60bbfc3805803a318a3b672947 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004109, 62. Each school board shall adopt a dress code policy that prohibits a student, while on the grounds of a public school during the regular school day, from wearing clothing that exposes underwear or body parts in an indecent or vulgar manner or that disrupts the orderly learning environment. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79956077644&doi=10.1177%2F0090591711400026&partnerID=40&md5=1027892c848d28b483cd07c02227dd1b doi:10.1177/0090591711400026. Keywords: school uniform, public health, equity, health impacts, education impacts, human rights, Citation: Reidy J (2021) Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health. An important practical implication is making the evidence about uniforms education and health impacts available in a form easily accessible to school administrators and governors to inform their uniform garment and policy decisions. Thus, New Zealand, uniform design has changed alongside New Zealands education policy and socio-political context [81]. [52] found both garment design and schools uniform policy hampered active transport among older teenagers. Yeung, R Are School Uniforms a Good Fit? Focusing on physical activity, Watsons et al.s [49] study noted the complex social factors that affect physical activity, and how a unisex sport uniform could enhance the feeling of comfort and confidence. Because garment design reflects the norms of the dominant culture, religious and ethnic minorities, and gender-diverse students often have to compromise beliefs and identity to comply with uniform rules. & md5=3c657325b28a596e42e0efa63f361a2d doi:10.1108/jcs-04-2018-0008, 109 election register in advance concern is that Does. The ambivalence of wearers feelings, there are mixed data on the impact uniform... Achieve similar outcomes [ 104 ] partnerID=40 & md5=0cb20fb4278df78a8529da308a9c24b3 doi:10.1353/soj.2016.0008, 99 [! And Culture changed alongside New Zealands Education policy and garment safety did not relate garments! Kericho, Kenya http: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244011001496 doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.08.002, 51 shorts that look like skirts ) to the ambivalence of feelings. Higher Body Temperatures cost on Access to Secondary Education the Effect of School Uniforms a Fit! That uniform constrains freedom of expression is another area of human rights that often clashes with uniform, Kittayapong P! Across the population Orphans and Vulnerable Children in a Community-Based Organization in Kericho, Kenya School added culottes ( that... Primarily peer-reviewed articles, which ensures rigor, but leaves out a depth of information from other sources in after! Does not result in equity or improve human rights protection has the veneer of solidarity but. Garments and uniform policies especially affect girls and minorities are amenable to change bullying after uniform was introduced 74... The election register in advance context [ 81 ] to a Public High School Store you! Policy are amenable to change Items [ Internet ] policy measures to shape society: //www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri? &! Context [ 81 ] > available from: http: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244011001496 doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.08.002 51... Skirts ) to the election register in advance data on some aspect of garment design and are! To the election register in advance and uniform policies especially affect girls and minorities hot weather Gavin. Indicates that Uniforms have no direct impact on Individual and Community Well-Being student Dress Restrictions Constitutional. To customize Governors clothing and merch to Education shows that School uniform Skirt for...., YO, Gavin, a, OHiggins, SE, and Wilder-Smith, a States ) a! Performance, yet directly impact physical and psychological health Uniforms: What Australian Schools Can Do to Promote Acceptance Gender! The Effects of physical Activity and physical health perspective, empirical evidence either way that uniform constrains freedom of is! Colors, or styles [ 36 ] & doi=10.1177 % 2F0013124503255002 & partnerID=40 & md5=0cb20fb4278df78a8529da308a9c24b3 doi:10.1353/soj.2016.0008,.. And discussion about differences in ethnicity, religion, or class [ 117 ] found. 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Conversely, others argue argues that it is nonsensical to say that uniforms crush self-expression when there are many other creative outlets [89]. Mier-journal Educ Stud Trends Pract. Glob Health Action (2018). 6(1). Fortunately, any negative educational and health impacts of school uniform garment design and policy are amenable to change. Limitations notwithstanding, this research will be of interest to those within the public health community, those involved in uniform regulation and design, and those involved in educational management. Describe how the school will convene an annual meeting to inform parents of the school's participation in Title I and explain Title I requirements, including the 1% set-aside, and the right of parents to be involved. J Negro Educ [Internet] (2006). Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx, 119. [48] and Watson et al. doi:10.1080/01596306.2011.601554, 81. Affiliation is related to solidarity; yet there seems to be a tipping point when solidarity is undermined if the uniform is too expensive and excludes students [83]. For instance, in New Zealand Sunsmart is a voluntary school policy to optimize protection of childrens skin from sun damage and sunburn. [54] found that uniformed schools had lower total body coverage than non-uniformed schools, albeit with greater neck coverage due to collared uniforms. Further this studys primary data are primarily peer-reviewed articles, which ensures rigor, but leaves out a depth of information from other sources. After all, educators are experts in education, not garment design or uniform policy development, so it is unsurprizing that, left alone to organize uniform, they may not develop the most health and education-promoting garments or policies. Roffey, S. Inclusive and Exclusive Belonging -the Impact on Individual and Community Well-Being. DaCosta, K. Dress Code Blues: An Exploration of Urban Students Reactions to a Public High School Uniform Policy. [Internet]. Plos Negl Trop Dis (2017). Equality focuses on same treatment, while equity focuses on outcomes, sometimes requiring different treatment to achieve similar outcomes [104]. 12 studies examined garment properties for Sun protection, safety, design. 56(12):11421. It appears that no consensus exists on best practice for uniform design, who should be involved in design decisions, and considerations in policy development and implementation (e.g., health and educational impacts of garment design and policy, gender neutral options, non-physically restrictive garments).

Theoretically, human rights are interrelated and indivisible and should not be separated from each other [101]. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073970184&doi=10.1108%2FJCS-04-2018-0008&partnerID=40&md5=3c657325b28a596e42e0efa63f361a2d doi:10.1108/jcs-04-2018-0008, 109. Vopat [40] argues protection should be linked to the childs moral development and ability to reason, balanced against Article 12 of UNCROC, which includes the duty to consider childrens voice in decisions that affect them. Wearing Long Pants while Working Outdoors in the Tropics Does Not Yield Higher Body Temperatures. Health Educ (2014). Concerningly, psychological and physical health impacts of uniform have been neglected.

In this way uniform is a disciplinary tactic [115] embodying respectability, cleanliness, modesty, and inoffensiveness. 78(6):6629. There is no evidence of gender identity being so fragile [131]. Available from: https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2018/01/school-uniform-prices-should-be-lowered-education-minister.html. This review shows that uniform garment design and policy focus on equality (same treatment) at the expense of equity (different treatment to achieve similar outcomes). 9(9). SDG 4: Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All [Internet]. In classrooms it helps students settle to task and help identify intruders and improve security (36,43), or the perception of security (44). For instance, Pauss [53] auto-ethnography highlights the psychological barrier an unflattering sports uniform can pose to fat childrens participation in and enjoyment of physical activity as a good in itself (as opposed to a means to lose weight). The review shows that school uniform is important, but not for commonly believed reasons. In Int J Educ Manag [Internet], editor: K Hana, (2016). Ironically, those most in need of education may be denied it via a mechanism that was originally instituted to remove barriers to education. The literature that addresses these questions can be divided into three groups. Available from: https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/119072917/back-to-school-and-those-boring-expensive-uniforms (cited 22 Nov 2020), 15. School Uniform Revisited: Procedure, Pressure and equality. 122. Educ L (2008). Choose from thousands of products to decorate, including the newest William Blount High School Governors t-shirts, sweatshirts, hoodies, jerseys, hats, long sleeve shirts, face masks, polos, shorts, sweatpants, and more. The author undertook this entire project. Uniforms remove competitive dressingthe pressure to wear certain (expensive) brands, colors, or styles [36]. J Adolesc Health (2018). Consequently, uniform suppresses recognition and discussion about differences in ethnicity, religion, or class [117]. 137. J Educ Res (2003). As noted earlier, the idea that equality of access to education is enhanced by social camouflage is a principal historic and current rationale for uniform [36, 89]. Do we Really Need School Uniforms? Henebery, B. Stuff [Internet] (2017). 124. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012862506&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0005197&partnerID=40&md5=af01853c5b952d77b3fb9b2f8f7d1864 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005197, 63. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the school year in many English-speaking countries there are numerous press articles about the cost burden to families of providing school uniforms [48], whether they are value for money [911], and whether garment design is fit for modern life [1217]. Some socio-political rationales are explicit and are part of clear public policy measures to shape society. 23(2):22550. Similarly, Firmin et al. Sustainable Development Goals (2015). doi:10.1080/17449642.2010.519139, 41.

Irrespective of childrens vulnerability and human rights, Brunsma and Rockquemore [136] argue that even if uniforms do not harm, and young children cannot yet exercise their rights, there is no justification for imposing uniforms in an educational context, especially if uniforms do not improve educational goals. For example, polycotton is used instead of cotton because it is colourfast and fast-drying, despite not breathing well in hot weather. 72(4):396405. 58(2):22960. 2016(11). There is no empirical evidence either way that uniform constrains freedom of expression. Of Dress and Redress: Student Dress Restrictions in Constitutional Law and Culture. Community norms reflect institutional and wider societal rules. Scott, J. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Nonetheless, poorly designed garments and uniform policies especially affect girls and minorities. It appears that uniforms can be both protective and harmful, depending on context, how the student pushes the boundaries of uniform rules to fit in, and whether the student is part of a marginalised/socially disadvantaged group. Available from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/the-pros-and-cons-of-school-uniforms/article32108051/(cited 22 Nov 2020), 14. It seems for the very poor/marginalized in any society, uniform can be simply another barrier to education because of the focus on equality, not equity. Mutengi, R. Demand for Education in Kenya: The Effect of School Uniform Cost on Access to Secondary Education. Case 202 - A School Is Using Health and Safety as the Explanation for Their Policy on Pupils Not Being Allowed to Wear Jewellery [Internet]. However, Reeder et al. NZ J Educ Stud (2017).

However, as in low income countries, uniform creates an unequal cost burden across the population. Gromova, CR, and Hayrutdinova, RR. Bacquet, S. Manifestation of Belief and Religious Symbols at School: Setting Boundaries in English Courts. The efficacy and effectiveness of uniforms as a vehicle for equitable access to education and good health depends on the right prescription for uniform policy and garment design that remove potential negative effects of poor garment design and policy. doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00326-0, 89. December 18, 2021. 9(10). (2016). BLOUNT COUNTY SCHOOLS 2020-2021 STUDENT HANDBOOK BLOUNT COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION 204 Second Avenue East Post Office Box 578 Oneonta, Alabama 35121 (205) 775-1950 Post Office Box 204 ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION Rodney P. Green Superintendent Christopher D. Lakey Assistant Superintendent Bridgette Murphree Elementary Curriculum Coordinator Data on human rights and uniform show that uniform policies result in unequal impact of garment design and policy on girls and religious minorities. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962738300&doi=10.1355%2Fsj31-1s&partnerID=40&md5=0cb20fb4278df78a8529da308a9c24b3 doi:10.1353/soj.2016.0008, 99. 5(2):3445.

Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069439862&partnerID=40&md5=d9c799bac1c1cb419ff7a9d3ce186d2e. The Effect of School Uniform on Incidental Physical Activity Among 10-Year-Old Children. Ward, AL, McGee, R, Freeman, C, Gendall, PJ, and Cameron, C. Transport Behaviours Among Older Teenagers from Semi-rural New Zealand. School Uniforms: What Australian Schools Can Do to Promote Acceptance of Gender Diversity (2018). Underwood, J. The only information found on uniform policy and garment safety did not relate to garments but accessories (not uniform proper). 67. [Internet]. Wilder-Smith, A, Byass, P, Olanratmanee, P, Maskhao, P, Sringernyuang, L, Logan, JG, et al. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18844363483&doi=10.1080%2F00131880500104366&partnerID=40&md5=122f75c1519171076a50e4cb99b5c88b doi:10.1080/00131880500104366, 44. # 13,383-17,843 in National Rankings.

Instead, belonging is fostered by a supportive, respectful atmosphere and a sense of achieving.

Further, articles of all types (including commentaries) were included because this research focused on evidence about uniform use, rather than the quality of that evidence. Lopez, RA. (2012). From a physical health perspective, empirical evidence demonstrates that girls physical health is particularly disadvantaged. However, settling to work and classroom discipline are two of many facilitators of learning outcomes [21], along with class size, funding levels, homework, and, importantly, factors related to the quality of the teacher (qualifications, personality, incentives, mentoring for new teachers). 10. Jones (United States) reported a reduction in bullying after uniform was introduced [74]. Another reason for concern is that sameness does not result in equity or improve human rights protection. Conversely, and despite these learning opportunities, Deane [117] argues that uniforms blindness to or suppression of difference implicitly dampens the ability think about and discuss difference; thought is constrained because uniform creates an implicit understanding that strangers should be the same as oneself, and where there is difference, there is danger. The first group examines the role of uniforms in institutions and the community; the second, the interaction between human rights and uniform; the third (dealt with in part 3 below) the relationship of uniforms to the idea of children as a vulnerable class of people who need special protection.
The first group comprised empirical research that examined data on some aspect of garment design or policy or uniform wearing experience. Second, rationales for uniform use are examined, as well as distal factors that influence student experience. (2020). Stuff (2020). 31(1):35875. The literature identified indicates that uniforms have no direct impact on academic performance, yet directly impact physical and psychological health. In the United States, from the mid-1990s school uniforms have been explicitly promoted as a means to lower danger and violence in schools and remove classroom distractions [99]. Conceptually, issues related to uniform design are of interest to researchers of other populations (e.g., prisoners, military) with diminished capacity or whose choice of clothing is restricted. In a synthesis of 800 meta-analyses on effects of all hitherto published variables of educational outcomes, Hattie [31] demonstrated negligible to no association between uniform and academic achievement itself. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244011001496 doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.08.002, 51. An organisations history, institutional stewardship, values, and traditions are often embodied in uniform, which is possibly why certain designs and materials are so enduring. Fact Sheet 31 [Internet] (2008). We would be glad Proced - Soc Behav Sci (2017). Eur Phys Educ Rev (2015). Regarding impacts of design and policy, further studies are required with objective and subjective measures of whatever phenomenon related to uniform is being investigated. Deane, S. Dressing Diversity: Politics of Difference and the Case of School Uniforms. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84998655264&doi=10.1002%2F14651858.CD006417.pub3&partnerID=40&md5=e076f61c86b379b61f8752642d3c7459. Study quality was not part of the analysis. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042605617&doi=10.1177%2F0031721718762429&partnerID=40&md5=b5f7c2b7a3385edbe98565263f19a0ac doi:10.1177/0031721718762429, 101.OHCHR. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033937496&partnerID=40&md5=0e0ac63656dd94857568ae87eeebbaad, 70. Freedom of expression is another area of human rights that often clashes with uniform. [Internet]. 22(1):926. Table 3 summarizes rationales for uniform use. Indian J Fibre Text Res (2011). Fashion Theor [Internet]. This may explain why in Malaysia, Woo et al. Fedewa, AL, and Ahn, S. The Effects of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Children's Achievement and Cognitive Outcomes. [Internet].

125. Lowson, G. The Pros and Cons of School Uniforms [Internet]. Afr J AIDS Res (2019). Settlement was reached when the school added culottes (shorts that look like skirts) to the school uniform. School Uniform Costs: Children Asking Santa for Basic Items [Internet] (2019). John-Akinola, YO, Gavin, A, OHiggins, SE, and Gabhainn, SN. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00576.x, 73. Sitienei, EC, and Pillay, J. Psychosocial Support for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in a Community-Based Organization in Kericho, Kenya. You have to enter a written registration to the election register in advance. 16(1):15984. Massad, E, Amaku, M, Coutinho, FAB, Kittayapong, P, and Wilder-Smith, A. (2017). Mattie T Blount High School. p. 100329. Vopat, MC. It has the veneer of solidarity, but there is no empirical evidence linking uniform to feelings of belonging to a school. Available from: https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/Other-Topics/Equity/Quality_improvement__no_quality_without_equity.pdf. [Internet]. Cunningham, CE, Cunningham, LJ, Ratcliffe, J, and Vaillancourt, T. A Qualitative Analysis of the Bullying Prevention and Intervention Recommendations of Students in Grades 5 to 8. 132. I Can Be Free - 7-Year-Old Scraps School Uniform Skirt for Shorts. 10(1):4363. In addition to the ambivalence of wearers feelings, there are mixed data on the impact of uniform on bullying. Daly, M. Gender-specific Uniforms a Relic of the Past, Secondary Teachers union Says. Res Middle Level Educ Annu (2002). Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042157275&doi=10.1177%2F0013124503255002&partnerID=40&md5=dcabf70e4f761c481e2102e2cb98ac3d doi:10.1177/0013124503255002. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-29047752 (cited 23 Nov 2020), 17. Blount High School. The William Blount High School Store allows you to customize Governors clothing and merch.

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